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Advances in managing hepatocellular carcinoma

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第2期页码 175-189 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0332-4

摘要：

Multiple modalities for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma are available, depending on tumor size and number. Surgical resection remains the gold standard, so long as the residual liver function reserve is sufficient. In patients with advanced cirrhosis, liver transplantation is the preferred option, as these patients may not have adequate hepatic reserve after resection. Salvage liver transplantation has also become an option for a select few patients who recur after surgical resection. Ablative techniques have been used for palliation as well as to either completely destroy the tumor, act as an adjunct to resection, or downstage the tumor to meet Milan criteria such that a patient may be a candidate for liver transplantation. Radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, chemoembolization, radioembolization, and irreversible electroporation have all been used in this capacity. Currently, sorafenib is the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved chemotherapeutic for hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficacy of sorafenib, in combination with other agents, transarterial chemoembolization, and surgical resection is currently being investigated. Sunitinib and brivanib, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have failed as potential first- or second-line options for chemotherapy. Bevacizumab in combination with erlotinib is also currently being studied. Final analysis for ramucirumab and axitinib are pending. Tivantinib, a selective mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) inhibitor, is also undergoing clinical trials for efficacy in MET-high tumors. This review serves to emphasize the current and new technologies emerging in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma radiofrequency ablation microwave ablation chemoembolization radioembolization sorafenib irreversible electroporation

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Optimization of power and efficiency for an irreversible Diesel heat engine

Shiyan ZHENG, Guoxing LIN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 560-565 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0018-9

摘要： A cyclic model of an irreversible Diesel heat engine is presented, in which the heat loss between the working fluid and the ambient during combustion, the irreversibility inside the cyclic working fluid resulting from friction, eddies flow, and other irreversible effects are taken into account. By using the thermodynamic analysis and optimal control theory methods, the analytical expressions of power output and efficiency of the Diesel heat engine are derived. Variations of the main performance parameters with the pressure ratio of the cycle are analyzed and calculated. The optimum operating region of the heat engine is determined. Moreover, the optimum criterion of some important parameters, such as the power output, efficiency, pressure ratio, and temperatures of the working fluid at the related state points are illustrated and discussed. The conclusions obtained in the present paper may provide some theoretical guidance for the optimal parameter design of a class of internal-combustion engines.

关键词： Diesel heat engine irreversibility power output efficiency parameter optimization

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Effect of variable heat capacities on performance of an irreversible Miller heat engine

Xingmei YE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 280-284 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0203-0

摘要： Based on the variable heat capacities of the working fluid, the irreversibility coming from the compression and expansion processes, and the heat leak losses through the cylinder wall, an irreversible cycle model of the Miller heat engine was established, from which expressions for the efficiency and work output of the cycle were derived. The performance characteristic curves of the Miller heat engine were generated through numerical calculation, from which the optimal regions of some main parameters such as the work output, efficiency and pressure ratio were determined. Moreover, the influence of the compression and expansion efficiencies, the variable heat capacities and the heat leak losses on the performance of the cycle was discussed in detail, and consequently, some significant results were obtained.

关键词： Miller cycle variable heat capacity irreversibility parametric optimization

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Optimization of the power, efficiency and ecological function for an air-standard irreversible Dual-Miller

Zhixiang WU, Lingen CHEN, Yanlin GE, Fengrui SUN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 579-589 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0557-z

摘要： This paper establishes an irreversible Dual-Miller cycle (DMC) model with the heat transfer (HT) loss, friction loss (FL) and other internal irreversible losses. To analyze the effects of the cut-off ratio ( ) and Miller cycle ratio ( ) on the power output ( ), thermal efficiency ( ) and ecological function ( ), obtain the optimal and optimal , and compare the performance characteristics of DMC with its simplified cycles and with different optimization objective functions, the , and of irreversible DMC are analyzed and optimized by applying the finite time thermodynamic (FTT) theory. Expressions of , and are derived. The relationships among , , and compression ratio ( ) are obtained by numerical examples. The effects of and on , , , maximum power output ( ), maximum efficiency ( ) and maximum ecological function ( ) are analyzed. Performance differences among the DMC, the Otto cycle (OC), the Dual cycle (DDC), and the Otto-Miller cycle (OMC) are compared for fixed design parameters. Performance characteristics of irreversible DMC with the choice of , and as optimization objective functions are analyzed and compared. The results show that the irreversible DMC engine can reach a twice-maximum power, a twice-maximum efficiency, and a twice-maximum ecological function, respectively. Moreover, when choosing as the optimization objective, there is a 5.2% of improvement in while there is a drop of only 2.7% in compared to choosing as the optimization objective. However, there is a 5.6% of improvement in while there is a drop of only 1.3% in compared to choosing as the optimization objective.

关键词： finite-time thermodynamics Dual-Miller cycle power output thermal efficiency ecological function

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Exergetic sustainability evaluation and optimization of an irreversible Brayton cycle performance

Mohammad H. AHMADI,Mohammad-Ali AHMADI,Esmaeil ABOUKAZEMPOUR,Lavinia GROSU,Fathollah POURFAYAZ,Mokhtar BIDI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 399-410 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0445-y

摘要： Owing to the energy demands and global warming issue, employing more effective power cycles has become a responsibility. This paper presents a thermodynamical study of an irreversible Brayton cycle with the aim of optimizing the performance of the Brayton cycle. Moreover, four different schemes in the process of multi-objective optimization were suggested, and the outcomes of each scheme are assessed separately. The power output, the concepts of entropy generation, the energy, the exergy output, and the exergy efficiencies for the irreversible Brayton cycle are considered in the analysis. In the first scheme, in order to maximize the exergy output, the ecological function and the ecological coefficient of performance, a multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOEA) is used. In the second scheme, three objective functions including the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing MOEA. In the third scenario, in order to maximize the exergy output, the exergetic performance criteria and the ecological coefficient of performance, a MOEA is performed. In the last scheme, three objective functions containing the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the exergy-based ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing multi-objective optimization algorithms. All the strategies are implemented via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms based on the NSGAII method. Finally, to govern the final outcome in each scheme, three well-known decision makers were employed.

关键词： entropy generation exergy Brayton cycle ecological function irreversibility

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Locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) for water disinfection

Jianfeng Zhou, Ting Wang, Cecilia Yu, Xing Xie

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1253-x

摘要： • Nanowire-assisted LEEFT is applied for water disinfection with low voltages. • LEEFT inactivates bacteria by disrupting cell membrane through electroporation. • Multiple electrodes and device configurations have been developed for LEEFT. • The LEEFT is low-cost, highly efficient, and produces no DBPs. • The LEEFT can potentially be applicable for water disinfection at all scales. Water disinfection is a critical step in water and wastewater treatment. The most widely used chlorination suffers from the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) while alternative methods (e.g., UV, O3, and membrane filtration) are limited by microbial regrowth, no residual disinfectant, and high operation cost. Here, a nanowire-enabled disinfection method, locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT), is introduced with advantages of no chemical addition, no DBP formation, low energy consumption, and efficient microbial inactivation. Attributed to the lightning rod effect, the electric field near the tip area of the nanowires on the electrode is significantly enhanced to inactivate microbes, even though a small external voltage (usually<5 V) is applied. In this review, after emphasizing the significance of water disinfection, the theory of the LEEFT is explained. Subsequently, the recent development of the LEEFT technology on electrode materials and device configurations are summarized. The disinfection performance is analyzed, with respect to the operating parameters, universality against different microorganisms, electrode durability, and energy consumption. The studies on the inactivation mechanisms during the LEEFT are also reviewed. Lastly, the challenges and future research of LEEFT disinfection are discussed.

关键词： Water treatment Nanotechnology Pathogen inactivation Electroporation Nanowire Chemical-free

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Modelling autogenous expansion for magnesia concrete in arch dams

JIN Feng, LUO Xiaoqing, ZHANG Chuhan, ZHANG Guoxin

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 211-218 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0025-7

摘要： Magnesia Concrete is a kind of expansive concrete used in Chinese hydraulic engineering more and more widely. To evaluate the effects of autogenous expansion on the stresses of arch dams, a simple model of autogenous expansion for Magnesia Concrete in dam engineering is presented. This model is based on three assumptions: 1) the total amount of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is related only to the properties of materials and mixing of concrete; 2) the autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is irreversible due to the irreversibility of hydration reaction of Magnesia in the concrete; 3) the autogenous expansion strain rates of Magnesia Concrete bear a relation between temperature and residual Magnesia per unit volume of concrete. The model is verified by some experimental data of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete and field-measured data of an arch dam in China. Embedded into finite element arch dam simulation software, this model is employed to simulate the effects of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete in hydraulic engineering.

关键词： field-measured irreversibility temperature irreversible element arch

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Irreversible phenotypic perturbation and functional impairment of B cells during HIV-1 infection

Jingjing Yan, Shuye Zhang, Jun Sun, Jianqing Xu, Xiaoyan Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 409-409 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0618-z

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化学强化反冲洗缓解超滤处理含藻地表水的膜污染机制及调控——从小试到生产示范研究 Article

唐小斌, 郭铁城, 常海庆, 岳霄, 王金龙, 于海宽, 谢冰涵, 朱学武, 李圭白, 梁恒

《工程（英文）》 2022年第19卷第12期页码 40-49 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.01.013

摘要：

超滤（UF）工艺已广泛应用于饮用水处理中。然而，藻类及其分泌物会导致严重的膜污染，在实际生产过程中对超滤工艺构成巨大挑战。本文开发了一种简单实用的化学强化反冲洗（CEB）技术，考察了次氯酸钠（NaClO）、氯化钠（NaCl）、氢氧化钠（NaOH）、柠檬酸钠及其组合对藻源膜污染的控制效能。结果表明，化学清洗剂的类型是影响超滤膜水力不可逆膜污染（HIMF）的关键因素。其中，NaClO 对HIMF的控制效果最佳，其次是NaCl。此外，与单独使用NaClO相比，将NaClO与NaCl、NaOH或柠檬酸钠等组合使用对HIMF的控制效果并没有明显提升。NaClO 的最优投加量和投加方案为10 mg∙L⁻¹，且最佳投加频次为每天两次。通过开展长周期的中试和生产实验进一步表明CEB技术可有效缓解藻源膜污染，尤其是HIMF。此外，与不添加化学药剂的常规水力反冲洗相比，CEB技术主要是通过氧化作用有效地去除包括生物聚合物、腐殖质和蛋白质类物质等在内的有机污染物，削弱有机污染物与膜表面之间的黏附力，从而显著降低HIMF。因此，CEB技术可在低药剂条件下有效地缓解藻源膜污染，是一种有效阻控超滤处理含藻地表水过程膜污染的方法。

关键词：超滤膜污染水力不可逆的膜污染化学强化反冲洗（CEB）含有藻类的地表水